A team of physicists has defied conventional wisdom by inducing stable ferroelectricity in a sheet of strontium titanate only a few nanometers thick.
The discovery could forge pathways to find new materials for nanotechnology devices, said Alexei Gruverman, a University of Nebraska-Lincoln physics and astronomy professor who worked on the research.
It also contradicts the expected behavior of ferroelectric materials, which normally lose stable ferroelectric polarization as they are made thinner.
“If you make a strontium titanate film very thin, all of a sudden it becomes ferroelectric at room temperature,” Gruverman said. “If you make it thicker, ferroelectricity disappears. That’s very strange, as it goes completely counter to all the common knowledge regarding the thickness effect on ferroelectric properties.”
Gruverman and his team at UNL used piezoresponse force microscopy, a nanoscale testing technique that Gruverman pioneered, to confirm that stable and switchable polarization had occurred in ultrathin films of strontium titanate grown by a University of Wisconsin team led by Chang-Beom Eom.
The work was supported by the National Science Foundation through a grant from the Designing Materials to Revolutionize and Engineer Our Future program. UNL’s portion of the study also received NSF support through UNL’s Materials Research Science and Engineering Center.
Ferroelectricity, which is an electrical analog of ferromagnetism, is characterized by a stable electrical polarization which can be switched (re-oriented) with the application of an electrical field. This quality makes ferroelectric materials useful for an array of electronic applications, such as computer memory chips. However, the materials’ tendency to lose ferroelectric stability as they become thinner has limited their usefulness in nanoelectronics. Many scientists have been investigating techniques to create ferroelectric materials that can still be useful at nanometer scale dimensions.
Strontium titanate, often used as an insulating material in dielectric capacitors, isn’t ordinarily a ferroelectric at room temperature. It is a perovskite, a family member of complex oxide materials with distinctive cubic crystal structures. Perovskites have long been recognized for a variety of useful physical properties, including superconductivity, ferromagnetism and ferroelectricity. In recent years, they have been studied for potential use in solar cells.
But crystals aren’t always perfectly formed. If one out of each 100 strontium ions is missing from the cube-shaped strontium titanate crystal, it can create polarized nano-sized regions within the crystal.
Ordinarily, the material’s bulk serves to isolate such polar nanoregions in an insulating matrix. Physicists at the University of Wisconsin, however, fabricated epitaxial films of strontium titanate, spread across a substrate of the same material, no thicker than the size of these polar nanoregions.
The electrical boundary conditions in the films drastically changed, forcing the polar nanoregions to interact between themselves and respond in a cooperative manner to the applied electric field. This allowed for the emergence of switchable and stable polarization, which the UNL team observed using piezoresponse force microscopy.
The effect was tested with mathematical simulations and electrical measurements, as well as through structural microscopic studies.
Gruverman said it is not yet known whether other perovskite materials will exhibit the same qualities.
“We don’t know if this effect is unique to strontium titanate, but we hope that this approach can be extended to other perovskite dielectrics in which polar nanoregions are controlled by careful engineering of film defect structure,” he said. “This may provide a path toward devices with reduced dimension where ferroelectricity is coupled to other properties, such as magnetism.”
Eom and Gruverman serve as corresponding authors for an article about the discovery published in Science Friday. Eom is a world leader in growing epitaxial single crystalline films and Gruverman is a pioneer in nanoscale studies of ferroelectric materials. A second UNL group involved in these studies, led by Evgeny Tsymbal, assisted with theoretical support, performing calculations relating to the stability of the polar nanoregions. The paper is co-authored by the UNL postdoctoral researcher Haidong Lu and research assistant professor Tula Paudel.
Others involved in the work included Penn State University, Korea Institute of Materials Science, Temple University, Pohang University of Science and Technology, University of California-Santa Barbara and Boise State University.
